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¿Cómo inició Layer 2?

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To understand the origins of second layers in a blockchain, we must talk about the difficulty of Bitcoin to fulfill its main purpose: to be a user-to-user cash system.

Origin of second layers in Bitcoin

Bitcoin is a slow network. It can only process 7 transactions per second and this does not make it possible for it to achieve the objective expressed by Satoshi Nakamoto in the whitepaper of this blockchain, to function as money and value exchange for the purchase of any product or service and to be used on a daily basis.

The appearance of a Bitcoin Layer 2 called Lightning Network allowed BTC to be transacted in a much faster way. It was the origin of what we know today as second layer solutions. Expanding the scalability of this blockchain so that its services are enhanced and allow, for example, that today countries like El Salvador accept bitcoin as a current currency.

Second layers in Ethereum

Ethereum has similar scalability problems as Bitcoin, both in terms of slowness in processing transactions and high economic costs in commissions.

Different strategies are being developed to implement second layers on the Ethereum blockchain.

State Channels: they are very similar to Lightning Network. Protocols such as Raiden Network allow, in addition to transferring value, to store data and smart contract information.

Side Chains: they go one step further than state channels. Side Chains allow, not only to store data and transfer value, they are a whole blockchain of their own on top of another blockchain and allow the deployment of any type of smart contract. Some of the most popular projects are Polygon or Gnosis Chain.

Side Chains like Polygon are secure, but not as secure as Ethereum. The more staking the blockchain consensus protocol has, the more secure the blockchain will be. Side Chains, which also use proof-of-stake, still require more adoption and more users staking the native cryptocurrency to make it more secure. This led to the creation of another Layer 2 strategy called "Rollups".

Rollups: Rollups, in turn, are divided into two types: Optimistic Rollups that base their security on fraud proof, and zkRollups that base their security on validity proof.

Second-layer protocols of the Optimistic Rollups type, such as Arbitrum or Optimism. They are a technology that has been in operation since 2021 and allow high speed and low costs, in addition to being more secure than Side Chains.

On the other hand, zkRollups are divided into specific use applications and general use applications. As the name suggests, specific-purpose zkRollups allow you to fulfill a use case only, such as zkSync 1.0, which allows you to send or receive payments only. Immutable X allow interacting with NFTs, while (zkAztec](https://aztec.network/) allow sending payments anonymously. General-purpose zkRollups such as zkSync 2.0, Scroll or Polygon zkEVM allow to emulate everything that can be done in Layer 1, deploy smart contracts and develop any kind of dapp.

The zkRollup technologies are in the final stages of testing. If you find yourself reading this in early 2023, there may not yet be projects deployed in production under these technologies.

Conclusion

Many of Ethereum's Layer 2 technologies are still in testing and experimentation phases. We find ourselves talking about the cutting edge of technology. Technologies created in the last 2 or 3 years and that are still under development and in the process of adoption.

If being a blockchain developer is uncommon these days, it is even more so to know this kind of second layer technologies to become great Web3 professionals. In the next classes we will interact with some of these second layer protocols to have a first approach to them. Do you know or have you already interacted with any Layer 2 protocol?


Contributed by: Kevin Fiorentino (Platzi Contributor).

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Esta super

Bitcoin: Lightning Network

-Canales de Estado.
- Raiden Network
- Axie Infinity

  • Side Chains.
    • Polygon
    • Gnosis Chain
  • Rollups: (Seguridad en Capa 1)
    • Optimistic Rollups
      • Pruebas de fraude (fraud proof)
        Tipos:
        • Arbitrum
        • Optimism!
    • zkRollups
      • Pruebas de validez (validity proof)
        Tipos:
        • Aplicaciones de uso especifico:
          • zkSync 1.0 : Enviar Pagos.
          • Immutable X : Tradding.
          • zkAztec : Envio de Pago Anónima.
        • Aplicaciones de uso general (Aún no funcionan)
          • zkSync 2.0
          • Scroll
          • Polygon zkEvm

Cómo inició Layer 2?

Bitcoin utiliza Lightning network que es capa 2.

En Ethereum:

  • Canales de estado: similar a Lightning, raiden nerwork, axie infinity.

  • Side Chains: son más allá de canales de estado, se guardan no solo data, son un blockchain entero compatible con capa 1. nft, contratos, tokens, ejemplo polygon, gnosis chain. Polygon es muy seguro pero no como eth, por el número de validares

  • Rollups: basan su seguridad basados en capa 1, por lo que son más seguros que Side Chains.

Dos tipos:

  • Optimistic Rollups: basan su seguridad en pruebas de fraude.Funcionan desde el año 2021, ejemplo Arbitrum y Optimism. Mucho más seguras y rápidas
  • zkRollups: basan su seguridad en prueba de validez.Dos tipos:
  1. zkRollups de uso Específico: funciones muy específicas, ejemplo._

zkSync 1.0: enviar o recibir pagos únicamente a bajo costo y muy seguros.
Immutable X: trading de nft’s, mintear, comprar vender.
zkAztec: permite enviar pagos de forma anónima.

  1. ZkRollups de uso General: como
    zkSync 2.0,
    Scroll,
    Polygon zkEvm.
    Pretenden emular lo que se hace en capa 1, smart contracts.

En la actualidad todavía no hay zkRollups todavía funcionando, pero se espera que pronto estén funcionando los de uso general.

buena clase, etc, pero deberian actualizarse los videos...ya pasaron casi 2 años....y el desarrollo blockchain va muy rapido...

El 3 de agosto de 2023, fue lanzado por Starkware, un proyecto llamado Starknet, siendo este un zk Rollup de uso general, actualmente starknet esta relacionado con una ampllia gama de Dapp, que incluyen desde Defi, NFT, Juego.
Starknet utiliza Zero Knowledge, para comprimir las transacciones y enviarlas a la cadena principal.
Actualmente opera 2.000, transacciones por segundo, se espera que proximamente este operando hasta 10.000 por segundo, para entender mas sobre starknet y como opera les dejo estos enlaces
Libro de Starknet
Documentacion de Starknet

a esta fecha 25-9-23 ya el Instructor Ahmed colaboro con el canal L2 en Español sobre los zkRollups de uso General (Scroll) ✌️
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL5LoUunXvIgI2LSiD1xH6MNIHOvMn4SHN