Cohesive Devices III - Linking words for developing complex arguments

Connecting ideas effectively is what separates basic writing from compelling, well-structured arguments. Understanding how to use cohesive devices for exemplification, reformulation, and comparison gives you the tools to build complex arguments that flow naturally and persuade your reader with clarity.

What are exemplification linking words and how do you use them?

Exemplification is a technique that involves giving a specific example to support a broader idea [01:00]. When you present a general statement, your reader needs evidence or illustration to fully grasp your point. That's where phrases like "for example," "for instance," and "to illustrate" come in.

Consider this pair of ideas [01:12]:

• "Climate change is causing society to make alternative decisions regarding energy consumption."
• "Many people are switching from traditional gas-powered vehicles to hybrid or EV models."

The second sentence is a concrete example of the first. By connecting them with for example or for instance, you create a logical bridge that strengthens your argument. The reader immediately understands how the general claim applies in a real-world scenario.

How does reformulation help clarify your arguments?

Reformulation means restating the same idea using different words [02:26]. It is essentially paraphrasing within your own text to make a complex point easier to understand. The key linking phrases for this category are:

• "In other words."
• "Put more simply."
• "That is to say."

For example, if you write that "many students are questioning the value of higher education," you can reformulate by adding: in other words, many students think the benefits of getting a degree no longer outweigh the drawbacks of paying back expensive loans [03:00]. Notice how the second part doesn't add new information — it rephrases the original idea so the reader sees it from a slightly different angle.

When should you choose reformulation over exemplification?

Use reformulation when your original statement might be too abstract or technical. Instead of providing a separate example, you simplify the same concept. This is especially useful in academic or professional writing where precision matters.

What is the difference between "compared to" and "compared with"?

Comparison linking words let you highlight similarities or differences between two subjects [03:16]. However, choosing the right phrase depends on the nature of what you are comparing.

How do you use "compared with"?

"Compared with" is used when the two items belong to the same category [03:28]. Think of two doors side by side — they are the same type of object. You might say: "Compared with the door on the right, the door on the left is smaller." Both items share the same nature, making compared with the correct choice.

How do you use "compared to"?

"Compared to" applies when the items are different in nature [03:55]. Buildings and mountains, for instance, are not the same thing at all. In this case you would write: "Compared to the buildings, the mountains are much taller." The distinction is subtle but important for precise English.

What does "by the same token" mean?

This phrase simply means "for the same reason" [04:28]. It connects two ideas that share a common cause or logic. For example: "She is an excellent painter, and by the same token, she is able to draw quite well." The skill behind both activities is the same, so by the same token creates a smooth, logical connection.

How can you practice building complex arguments?

Putting these devices into action is essential. A useful exercise proposed in the lesson asks you to develop a complex argument about whether air travel is worth all the trouble [05:48]. To do this effectively:

• Include cohesive devices from exemplification, reformulation, and comparison.
• Add commenting and viewpoint adverbs covered in previous lessons.
• Support your position with personal experiences.

This combination forces you to structure your thinking, connect ideas logically, and present a perspective that feels both personal and well-reasoned. Try writing your response and share it — practicing with real prompts is the fastest way to internalize these linking words and make them part of your natural writing style.